Ethernet link extension method and device

ABSTRACT

Ethernet link extension methods and devices provide, in one illustrative embodiment, an Ethernet link extender with physical medium attachment (PMA) circuits each having a transmitter and receiver that communicate with a respective node in a sequence of communication phases. The sequence includes at least an auto-negotiation phase and a subsequent training phase, the phases occurring simultaneously for both PMA circuits. In the auto-negotiation phase, the PMA circuits operate in a pass-through mode, rendering the extender transparent to the two nodes. In the training phase, the PMA circuits operate independently, sending training frames to their respective nodes based in part on received back-channel information and locally-determined training status information. The training phases may be prolonged if needed to provide a simultaneous transition to a frame-forwarding phase of the sequence.

BACKGROUND

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) StandardsAssociations publishes an IEEE Standard for Ethernet, IEEE Std802.3-2015, which will be familiar to those of ordinary skill in the artto which this application pertains. This standard provides a commonmedia access control specification for local area network (LAN)operations at selected speeds from 1 Mb/s to 100 Gb/s over coaxialcable, twisted wire pair cable, fiber optic cable, and electricalbackplanes. To support shared access on multisegment networks, thestandard provides for the use of repeaters at operational speeds up to1000 Mb/s. Operation at higher speeds appears contemplated solely forpoint-to-point communication links of an inconveniently limited length.The length limits are imposed by the existence of channel non-idealitiessuch as dispersion and additive noise.

This choice to support only point-to-point links enables the protocol toinclude auto-negotiation and training phases for optimizing high-speedcommunications. The auto-negotiation phase enables the end nodes toexchange information about their capabilities, and the training phaseenables the end nodes to adapt both transmit-side and receive-sideequalization filters in a fashion that combats the channelnon-idealities. Both phases are governed by strict timing requirements,and they each fail to account for any intermediate devices or filters.

At least in principle, link extenders, also known as signalreconditioners, retimers, or repeaters, are well known. Ideally suchdevices operate solely as conduits between the link's end nodes,supporting standard-compliant network operations without appearing asadditional nodes in the network. We are not aware of any existing linkextension methods or devices that can satisfactorily achieve this idealfor Ethernet links operating at 10 Gb/s or above.

SUMMARY

Accordingly, there are disclosed herein a Ethernet link extensionmethods and devices. In one illustrative embodiment, an Ethernet linkextender includes physical medium attachment (PMA) circuits each havinga transmitter and receiver that communicate with a respective node in asequence of communication phases, the sequence including at least anauto-negotiation phase and a subsequent training phase, the phasesoccurring simultaneously for both PMA circuits. In the auto-negotiationphase, the PMA circuits operate in a pass-through mode, rendering theextender transparent to the two nodes. In the training phase, the PMAcircuits operate independently, sending training frames to theirrespective nodes based in part on received back-channel information andlocally-determined training status information.

An illustrative Ethernet link extension method includes a firstcommunications phase for auto-negotiation and a subsequentcommunications phase for training for use by a first PMA circuit thatcommunicates with a first node and a second PMA circuit thatcommunicates with a second node. In the first phase, the transmitter ofthe second PMA circuit is coupled to the receiver of the first PMAcircuit to retransmit communications received from the first node, andthe transmitter of the first PMA circuit is coupled to the receiver ofthe second PMA circuit to retransmit communications received from thesecond node. In the second phase, training controllers in each PMAcircuit generate training frames for the respective transmitter to sendto the respective node, the frames being based in part on receivedback-channel information and locally-generated training statusinformation from their respective receivers.

Each of the foregoing embodiments may be implemented individually or incombination, and may be implemented with any one or more of thefollowing features in any suitable combination: (1) the transmitter ofthe second PMA circuit is coupled to the receiver of the first PMAcircuit during the auto-negotiation phase via an on-chip analog signalline. (2) the transmitter of the second PMA circuit is coupled to thereceiver of the first PMA circuit during the auto-negotiation phase viaa digital signal bus between an analog-to-digital converter and adigital-to-analog converter. (3) the transmitter of the first PMAcircuit and the transmitter of the second PMA circuit each include atransmit filter adapted in accordance with back-channel informationreceived from the first and second nodes, respectively, during thetraining phase. (4) the receiver of the first PMA circuit and thereceiver of the second PMA circuit each include a filter adaptationcircuit that generates filter coefficient updates and detects filterconvergence. (5) at least one of the transmitter of the first PMAcircuit and the transmitter of the second PMA circuit includes atraining controller providing back-channel information to at least oneof the first and second nodes. (6) the training controller confirmsfilter convergence only when filter converge is detected by both thereceiver of the first PMA circuit and the receiver of the second PMAcircuit. (7) the receiver of the first PMA circuit and the receiver ofthe second PMA circuit each include detector. (8) the extender initiatesa training phase when either of the detectors detects an end of theauto-negotiation phase. (9) the detectors monitor spectra of receivedsignals for high-frequency content indicative of training frames. (10)the detectors decode information from auto-negotiation frames to detectsaid end. (11) each of the first PMA circuit and the second PMA circuitinclude multiple transmitter-receiver pairs to support multiplecommunication lanes between the first and second nodes. (12) coupling ofthe transmitter of the second PMA circuit to the receiver of the firstPMA circuit during the auto-negotiation phase includes: (a) digitizingcommunications received from the first node to obtain received signalsamples; (b) conveying the received signal samples on a bus to thetransmitter of the second PMA circuit; and (c) converting the receivedsignal samples into an analog electrical transmit signal. (13) adaptinga transmit filter in each of the transmitter of the first PMA circuitand the transmitter of the second PMA circuit in accordance withback-channel information received from the first and second nodes,respectively, during the training phase. (14) generating filtercoefficient updates and detecting filter convergence with a filteradaptation circuit in each of the receiver of the first PMA circuit andthe receiver of the second PMA circuit. (15) providing back-channelinformation to the first and second nodes with a training controller ineach of the transmitter of the first PMA circuit and the transmitter ofthe second PMA circuit. (16) confirming filter convergence with each ofthe training controllers only when filter converge is detected by boththe receiver of the first PMA circuit and the receiver of the second PMAcircuit. (17) initiating the training phase when either, but beforeboth, the receiver of the first PMA circuit and the receiver of thesecond PMA circuit detects an end of the auto-negotiation phase. (18)monitoring spectra of received signals for high-frequency content todetect said end of the auto-negotiation phase. (19) decoding informationfrom auto-negotiation frames to detect said end.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the drawing:

FIG. 1 shows an illustrative communications network.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an illustrative extended Ethernet link.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an illustrative Ethernet link extender.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an illustrative PMA circuit receiver.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an illustrative PMA circuit transmitter.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart of an illustrative Ethernet link extension method.

It should be understood, however, that the specific embodiments given inthe drawings and detailed description do not limit the disclosure. Onthe contrary, they provide the foundation for one of ordinary skill todiscern the alternative forms, equivalents, and modifications that areencompassed in the scope of the appended claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The disclosed apparatus and methods are best understood in the contextof the larger environments in which they operate. Accordingly, FIG. 1shows an illustrative communications network 100 including mobiledevices 102 and computer systems 104A-C coupled via a routing network106. The routing network 106 may be or include, for example, theInternet, a wide area network, or a local area network. In FIG. 1, therouting network 106 includes a network of equipment items 108, such asswitches, routers, and the like. The equipment items 108 are connectedto one another, and to the computer systems 104A-C, via point-to-pointcommunication links 110 that transport data between the various networkcomponents. At least some of the links 110 in network 106 are high-speedEthernet links operating in compliance with the IEEE Std 802.3-2015 at10 Gb/s or more.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an illustrative high-speed Ethernet linkthat may be representative of one or more links 110 in FIG. 1. Theillustrated embodiment includes a first node 202 (“Node A”) incommunication with a second node 204 (“Node B”) via an Ethernet linkextender 206. Nodes A & B can each be, for example, any one of equipmentitems 108, computer systems 104A-C, or other sending/receiving deviceshaving high-speed Ethernet ports and separated by a distance greaterthan the point-to-point link length limitations imposed by the standard.The nodes can also be integrated circuit (IC) chips in a switch or othertelecommunications system. The illustrated link includes fourbidirectional communication lanes 208 extending from Node A to theextender 206 and four communication lanes 210 extending from Node B tothe extender 206. Each bidirectional lane represents two unidirectionallanes operating in opposite directions. In accordance with the standard,these unidirectional or bidirectional lanes may be transported bydifferent twisted wire pairs, electrical back-plane traces, coppertransmission lines, or optical fibers, or they may be multiplexed ontoshared electrical/optical conductors.

The Ethernet standard specifies the node operations in terms of thehierarchical layers of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model,focusing in particular on the lowermost “physical” layer, which providesthe electrical and physical specifications of the connections betweenthe nodes and the communications medium (e.g., pin layouts, lineimpedances, signal voltages & timing), arrangements of thecommunications medium (e.g., the network topology), and the electricaland physical specifications for the communications medium itself (e.g.,conductor arrangements in copper or fiber optic cable, limitations onattenuation, propagation delay, signal skew). The physical layer isresponsible for transmission and reception of raw bit streams over thecommunications medium, employing simplex, half duplex, or full duplexmodes.

Depending on the applicable clauses, the Ethernet standard divides thephysical layer into at least three sublayers: the physical mediumdependent (PMD) sublayer, the physical medium attachment (PMA) sublayer,and the physical coding sublayer (PCS). The PMD sublayer specifies thetransceiver conversions between transmitted/received channel signals andthe corresponding bit (or digital symbol) streams. The PMA sublayeroperation varies between clauses, but generally specifies (potential)lane remapping, symbol encoding/decoding, framing, and octet/symbolsynchronization. In practice, the delineation between PMD and PMAsublayers may be uncertain and the two sublayers more properly regardedas a combined sublayer. The PCS sublayer providesscrambling/descrambling, data encoding/decoding, block and symbolredistribution, alignment marker insertion/removal, and block-level lanesynchronization and deskew. An optional forward error correction (FEC)sublayer may reside between the PMA and PCS sublayers to provide, e.g.,Reed-Solomon coding/decoding that distributes data blocks withcontrolled redundancy across the lanes. If present, the FEC sublayerprovides at least some of the functionality otherwise allocated to thePCS sublayer, e.g., encoding/decoding, alignment markerinsertion/removal, and block-level lane synchronization and deskew.

The circuitry associated with each sublayer (and each of the higherlayers in the OSI model) adds to the areal and power requirements of theprotocol stack for each device's Ethernet connection, and exacerbatesthe communications link latency. While this situation is largelyunavoidable for the nodes, it is singularly undesirable to impose thesepenalties on every link extender in the system. The following Ethernetlink extender devices and methods seek to exclude any circuitry forimplementing the PCS sublayer and any higher layers of the OSI model. Atleast some of the disclosed extender devices and methods limit theircircuitry to only that necessary to implement the PMD and PMA sublayersof the Ethernet standard. As described below, this ideal is achievableby enabling the extender to switch between transparent and opaque modesat different phases of the link establishment process. As a result, theEthernet link's end nodes (Nodes A & B) conduct standard-compliantoperations in ignorance of any intermediate extender devices which maybe present, thereby overcoming the link length limitations otherwiseimposed by the standard.

FIG. 3 is a high-level block diagram of an illustrative extender 206having two PMA circuits 300, one for communicating with Node A viacommunication lanes 208, and one for communicating with Node B viacommunication lanes 210. The PMA circuits 300 each have a transceiverfor each communication lane, yielding four transmitter-receiver pairswithin each PMA circuit. For example, receiver 301 and transmitter 302communicate with Node A via Lane 1, while receiver 311 and transmitter312 communicate with Node B via Lane 1′. Lanes 2-4 and 2′-4′ aresimilarly supported. An integrated controller 350 provides chip-levelsupport functions (e.g., voltage regulation, clock generation, MDIO/I2Cbus interface for programming and testing) and a firmware-programmedmicrocontroller having registers for coordinating and controlling theoperations of the PMA circuits 300.

In the normal operating phase, i.e., after the link has been establishedand data is being conveyed between the nodes, extender 300 operates asfollows. Receiver 301 receives via Lane 1 a channel signal from Node A,converts the channel signal into digital receive signal, or moreprecisely, a frame- and symbol-synchronized bit stream representing thedata conveyed via Lane 1. Receiver 301 provides this digital receivesignal to transmitter 312, which converts it into a channel signaltransmitted to Node B via Lane 1′. The signal-to-noise ratio of thetransmitted channel signal on Lane 1′ is thereby enhanced relative tothe signal-to-noise ratio of the received channel signal on Lane 1.Receiver 311 and transmitter 302 perform the same operations forcommunications from Node B to Node A. The remaining transmitters andreceivers operate similarly for the remaining communications lanes. Notethat it may advantageously simplify implementation if the communicationlanes are enabled to operate independently in the described fashion.

To get to the normal operating phase, however, the standard requiresthat the link pass through an auto-negotiation phase and a subsequenttraining phase. The auto-negotiation phase enables the end nodes toexchange information about their capabilities, and the training phaseenables the end nodes to adapt both transmit-side and receive-sideequalization filters in a fashion that combats the channelnon-idealities. Both phases are governed by strict timing requirements,and the standard fails to account for the possibility of anyintermediate devices or filters.

The standard specifies that the end nodes initiate the setup of eachcommunications lane by transmitting and receiving frames ofauto-negotiation information regarding the respective capabilities ofboth nodes, acknowledgements of received information, and the results ofan arbitration process to select an optimal set of communicationsparameters given the nodes' respective capabilities. To comply with thestandard, the extender, being initially ignorant of the respectivecapabilities of the end nodes, must force multiple rounds ofauto-negotiation to assure an optimal set of communications parametersis chosen by the nodes. (The extender would implement PMA and PCSsublayers that enter a first round of auto-negotiation with each endnode to determine their respective capabilities, then enter a secondround in which the extender masquerades itself to each end node as theother end node. Note that additional rounds would also be required ifmore than one extender is present. In the meantime, the timinglimitations on the training phase may cause a link failure.)

Preferably, then, the extender does not participate in theauto-negotiation process, instead operating in a pass through(“transparent”) mode to retransmit the auto-negotiation frames receivedfrom each node to the other. In at least some “packet-sniffing”embodiments, the controller 350 monitors the contents of theauto-negotiation frames received on each lane, determining from theembedded control codes for each lane when the selection process iscomplete and the auto-negotiation phase is concluded. (Rather thantreating the communications lanes independently, some alternativeembodiments conduct the auto-negotiation process on only the first laneand apply the negotiated communications parameters to all communicationslanes. A subsequent failure on any one lane triggers a restart of theauto-negotiation process for all lanes.)

Notably, however, the auto-negotiation frames are formed from low-ratechannel symbols having a large separation (in signal space) even afteraccounting for channel attenuation and the use of untrained equalizationfilters. These frames accordingly are not subject to the same linklength limitation and can be accurately decoded a significantly greaterdistances. Accordingly, other “non-decoding” embodiments of extender 206merely pass along the channel signal waveforms conveying theauto-negotiation frames without timing recovery, demodulation, and/ordecoding. Amplification and filtering may be provided, or in some cases,analog-to-digital conversion followed by digital-to-analog conversion ata resolution suitable to pass along the waveform with adequate fidelity.Such embodiments may monitor the spectral content and/or othercharacteristics of the received channel signals to detect when theauto-negotiation phase is concluded. (For example, the training frameswill have high-frequency spectral content that is absent from theauto-negotiation frames.)

The packet-sniffing embodiments can determine the negotiated operatingparameters from the embedded control codes, while the non-decodingextender embodiments can determine the negotiated operating parametersfrom the spectral characteristics of the training frames. If thenegotiated operating parameters are within the extender's capabilities,the extender configures the receivers and transmitters accordingly andcommences the training phase. For 10 GBASE-KR, the training phasedetails can be found in IEEE Std 802.3 clause 72. For 100 GBASE-KP4, thedetails are in IEEE 802.3 clause 94. If the auto-negotiation phase issuccessful, the end nodes remain unaware of any intervening linkextenders during the auto-negotiation phase. However, if the end nodesnegotiate a speed that cannot be supported, at least some link extenderembodiments treat this situation as an error condition and temporarilydisable the transmitters, thereby aborting the link setup process.

The auto-negotiation phase is followed by a subsequent training phase,in which each end node transmits and receives frames of traininginformation. The frames include broadband training sequences that theother node can employ to adapt its receive filters, training statusinformation, and back-channel information used by the receiving node toadjust its transmit filters. The standard link length limitations applyto the training sequences, and in any event, the extender's transmit andreceive filters should also be trained. Accordingly, the extenderparticipates in the training phase, masquerading itself as an end nodeon each communication lane. Thus, for example, receiver 301 andtransmitter 302 participate in the training phase with Node A, while atthe same time receiver 311 and transmitter 312 participate in thetraining phase with Node B. Other than the simultaneous nature of thetraining phases, the Node A and Node B training occur independently ofeach other. If the training occurs more quickly on the Node A link thanon the Node B link (or vice versa), the extender may prolong thetraining process on the sufficiently trained link until the training forboth links is completed, so that the Node A and Node B training phasesconclude at substantially the same time.

As previously noted, some extender embodiments coordinate the operationsof all lanes, so that the training phase for all lanes begins and endsat the same time. Other embodiments enable the lanes to operateindependently, and for each lane provide coordination of the Node A andNode B links. As the training phase for each lane (or for all lanes)concludes, the extender places the lanes in a normal-operations mode,which may alternatively be referred to as the frame-forwarding phase. Inthe frame-forwarding phase, the extender recovers the symbols or bitsfrom each frame received on a given lane from an end node andretransmits them as a regenerated frame on the corresponding lane to theother end node. The extender can thus convey data between the end nodeswith very small latency and low power overhead.

FIG. 4 shows an illustrative receiver 301 suitable for use in the PMAcircuits 300. The channel input (CH_IN) node receives an analogelectrical signal from a transducer (e.g., a photodiode) or directlyfrom the channel lane conductor and supplies it to a low noise amplifier(LNA) 402. The LNA 402 provides a high input impedance to minimizechannel loading and amplifies the received electrical signal to drivethe input of a continuous time linear equalizer (CTLE) filter 404.During normal operations, CTLE 404 provides continuous time filtering toshape the signal spectrum in an adaptive fashion to reduce the length ofthe channel impulse response while minimizing leading inter-symbolinterference (ISI). A decision feedback equalizer (DFE) 406 operates onthe filtered signal to correct for trailing ISI and detect eachtransmitted channel bit or symbol, thereby producing a demodulateddigital data stream. Some embodiments employ oversampling. A clock anddata recovery (CDR) circuit 408 extracts a clock signal from thefiltered signal and/or the digital data stream and supplies it to DFE406 to control timing of the symbol detection. A serial-to-parallelcircuit 410 groups the digital data stream bits or symbols into blocksto enable the use of lower clock rates for subsequent on-chipoperations. During normal operations, multiplexer 412 places the blockson the digital receive bus (RXD) for retransmission to the remote endnode by a transmitter (e.g., transmitter 312).

During the auto-negotiation phase, the illustrated LNA 402 supplies theamplified receive signal to an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 420.ADC 420 digitizes the receive signal, optionally with a sampling rateand resolution to provide adequate reconstruction without requiringtiming recovery. The multiplexer 412 places the digital samples of thereceive signal on the RXD bus for retransmission on another link. Adetector 422 monitors the receive signal for the end of theauto-negotiation phase and/or the beginning of the training phaseframes. Alternatively, the auto-negotiation phase signals may be passedthrough the normal operations signal path (402-404-406-410) withuntrained (default) filters and a packet information extractor 442employed to monitor the contents of the auto-negotiation frames fordetecting the end of the auto-negotiation phase.

During the training phase, LNA 402 supplies the received signal to CTLEfilter 404, DFE 406, and S2P circuit 410. A filter adaptation circuit440 measures an error between the input and output of a decision elementin DFE 406, employing that error in accordance with well-knowntechniques from the literature on adaptive filtering to determineadjustments for the coefficients in CTLE filter 404, DFE 406, and atransmit filter 506 (discussed further below), and to determine whetherconvergence has been achieved. The locally-generated information(LOCAL_INFO) including the transmit filter coefficient adjustments andthe convergence status are provided to the local transmitter (e.g.,transmitter 302). As discussed below, the local transmitter communicatesthe transmit filter adjustments and the convergence status via aback-channel to the local end node. In that vein, the received signalincludes back-channel information from the local end node. A packetinformation extractor 442 detects the back-channel information(BACK_INFO) and passes it to the local transmitter (e.g., transmitter302). Once convergence is achieved, receiver 301 is ready to beginnormal operations.

FIG. 5 shows an illustrative transmitter 302 suitable for use in the PMAcircuits 300. During normal operations, demultiplexer 502 andmultiplexer 503 supply blocks of channel bits or symbols from the remoteend node conveyed by the RXD bus to the parallel to serial (P2S) circuit504. P2S circuit converts the blocks into a digital data stream. Atransmit filter 506, also called a pre-emphasis filter, converts thedigital data stream into an analog electrical signal with spectralshaping to combat channel degradation. Driver 508 amplifies the analogelectrical signal to drive the channel output (CH_OUT) node.

During the auto-negotiation phase, illustrated demultiplexer 502 directsdigital samples of the received auto-negotiation signals received fromthe remote end node and conveyed via the RXD bus to a digital-to-analogconverter (DAC) 520. DAC 520 converts the digital samples into an analogelectrical signal that reproduces the received auto-negotiation signals.Driver 508 amplifies the analog electrical signal to drive the channeloutput (CH_OUT) node. If the ADC path is omitted from receiver (FIG. 4),the DAC path may also be omitted from the transmitter. The normaloperations path may be employed with an untrained (default) transmitfilter. As another alternative, a switchable on-chip analog signal linemay couple LNA 402 for a local end node to the driver 508 for a remoteend node.

During the training phase, multiplexer 503 obstructs information fromthe RXD bus, instead supplying P2S circuit 504 with training frames froma training controller 540. The training controller 540 generates thetraining frames based on the convergence status and transmit filtercoefficient adjustments (LOCAL_INFO) received from the local receiver(e.g., receiver 301). Note that even after the local receiver indicatesfilter convergence has occurred, the training controller 540 may prolongthe training phase to coordinate training phase timing with the receiverfor the remote end node (e.g., receiver 311). The training framesfurther include training sequences as specified by the relevant portionsof the IEEE Std 802.3.

The training controller 540 further accepts the back-channel information(BACK_INFO) extracted by the local receiver from received trainingframes sent by the local end node. The training controller applies thecorresponding adjustments to the coefficients of transmit filter 506.Upon conclusion of the training phase, multiplexer 503 begins forwardingRXD blocks to the P2S circuit 504.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart of an illustrative Ethernet link extension method.It begins in block 602 with a technician or user connecting end nodes ofan Ethernet link via an intermediate link extender. When each end nodepowers up, or periodically thereafter, it initiates an auto-negotiationphase to set up the link. In block 604, the extender conceals itselfduring the auto-negotiation phase, transparently passing the signalsreceived from each end node to the other end node. The signals may bepassed through the extender as analog signals; as analog-to-digital anddigital-to-analog converted waveforms, or as demodulated and remodulateddata frames. In other words, a transmitter of a second PMA (physicalmedium attachment) circuit is coupled to a receiver of a first PMAcircuit to retransmit communications received from a first node; and atransmitter of the first PMA circuit is coupled to a receiver of thesecond PMA circuit to retransmit communications received from the secondnode.

During the auto-negotiation phase, the extender monitors the receivedsignals until, in block 606, the end of the auto-negotiation phase isdetected. As discussed previously, the extender may perform thisdetection by decoding information from the auto-negotiation framesexchanged between the end nodes and/or by monitoring the spectra forhigh-frequency content typical of training sequences. Having detectedthe end of the auto-negotiation phase from either end node on a givenlane, the extender initiates the training phase on that lane for bothend nodes simultaneously in block 608. Training controllers for each ofthe first and second PMA circuits generate training frames fortransmission by the transmitter of the respective PMA circuit based inpart on back-channel information and training status information fromthe local receiver of the respective PMA circuit.

The training phase is performed concurrently for both end nodes,prolonged if necessary until the links are trained for both end nodes inblock 610, indicating that the training phase can be concluded for both.The extender then signals the end of the training phase on that lane toboth end nodes and enters the frame-forwarding phase in block 612.

In the frame-forwarding phase of block 612, the extender demodulates thechannel data frames to extract the channel bits or symbols from each endnode. The channel bits or symbols are then remodulated for transmissionto the other end node, obviating any need for a PCS sublayer and therebyminimizing latency and power consumption with minimal impairment to linkrobustness. In some extender embodiments, the extender monitors theequalization error levels, or performs checksum calculations to detecterrors. If a fault is detected, in block 614 the extender temporarilydisables the transmitters for that lane to force re-initiation of thelink, and the method then repeats beginning with block 604.

Numerous alternative forms, equivalents, and modifications will becomeapparent to those skilled in the art once the above disclosure is fullyappreciated. For example, the foregoing description focuses onimplementations employing only one link extender between end nodes, butthe disclosed principles would still apply if multiple extenders areprovided in sequence between the end nodes. It is intended that theclaims be interpreted to embrace all such alternative forms,equivalents, and modifications that are encompassed in the scope of theappended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. An Ethernet link extender that comprises: a firstPMA (physical medium attachment) circuit having a transmitter and areceiver that communicate in a sequence of phases with a first node, thesequence including at least an auto-negotiation phase and a subsequenttraining phase; and a second PMA circuit having a transmitter and areceiver that communicate in said sequence of phases with a second,different node, the phases in said sequence being simultaneous for thefirst and second PMA circuits, the transmitter of the second PMA circuitbeing coupled to the receiver of the first PMA circuit during theauto-negotiation phase to retransmit communications received from thefirst node, the transmitter of the first PMA circuit being coupled tothe receiver of the second PMA circuit during the auto-negotiation phaseto retransmit communications received from the second node, thetransmitter of the first PMA circuit and the transmitter of the secondPMA circuit each including a transmit filter adapted in accordance withback-channel information received from the first and second nodes,respectively, during the training phase, and the first and second PMAcircuits each including a respective training controller that, duringthe training phase, generates training frames for transmission by thetransmitter of the respective PMA circuit based in part on back-channelinformation and training status information from the receiver of therespective PMA circuit.
 2. The extender of claim 1, wherein saidcoupling of the transmitter of the second PMA circuit to the receiver ofthe first PMA circuit during the auto-negotiation phase is via anon-chip analog signal line.
 3. The extender of claim 1, wherein saidcoupling of the transmitter of the second PMA circuit to the receiver ofthe first PMA circuit during the auto-negotiation phase is via a digitalsignal bus between an analog-to-digital converter and adigital-to-analog converter.
 4. The extender of claim 1, wherein thereceiver of the first PMA circuit and the receiver of the second PMAcircuit each include a filter adaptation circuit that generates filtercoefficient updates and detects filter convergence.
 5. The extender ofclaim 1, wherein each of the first PMA circuit and the second PMAcircuit include multiple transmitter-receiver pairs to support multiplecommunication lanes between the first and second nodes.
 6. An Ethernetlink extender that comprises: a first PMA (physical medium attachment)circuit having a transmitter and a receiver that communicate in asequence of phases with a first node, the sequence including at least anauto-negotiation phase and a subsequent training phase; and a second PMAcircuit having a transmitter and a receiver that communicate in saidsequence of phases with a second, different node, the phases in saidsequence being simultaneous for the first and second PMA circuits, thetransmitter of the second PMA circuit being coupled to the receiver ofthe first PMA circuit during the auto-negotiation phase to retransmitcommunications received from the first node, the transmitter of thefirst PMA circuit being coupled to the receiver of the second PMAcircuit during the auto-negotiation phase to retransmit communicationsreceived from the second node, the receiver of the first PMA circuit andthe receiver of the second PMA circuit each including a filteradaptation circuit that generates filter coefficient updates and detectsfilter convergence, the first and second PMA circuits each including arespective training controller that, during the training phase,generates training frames for transmission by the transmitter of therespective PMA circuit providing back-channel information and trainingstatus information from the receiver of the respective PMA circuit to arespective one of the first and second nodes, and the trainingcontrollers each confirming filter convergence only when filterconvergence is detected by both the receiver of the first PMA circuitand the receiver of the second PMA circuit.
 7. The extender of claim 1,wherein the receiver of the first PMA circuit and the receiver of thesecond PMA circuit each include detector, and wherein the extenderinitiates a training phase when either of the detectors detects an endof the auto-negotiation phase.
 8. The extender of claim 7, wherein thedetectors decode information from auto-negotiation frames to detect saidend.
 9. An Ethernet link extender that comprises: a first PMA (physicalmedium attachment) circuit having a transmitter and a receiver thatcommunicate in a sequence of phases with a first node, the sequenceincluding at least an auto-negotiation phase and a subsequent trainingphase; and a second PMA circuit having a transmitter and a receiver thatcommunicate in said sequence of phases with a second, different node,the phases in said sequence being simultaneous for the first and secondPMA circuits, the transmitter of the second PMA circuit being coupled tothe receiver of the first PMA circuit during the auto-negotiation phaseto retransmit communications received from the first node, thetransmitter of the first PMA circuit being coupled to the receiver ofthe second PMA circuit during the auto-negotiation phase to retransmitcommunications received from the second node, the first and second PMAcircuits each including a respective training controller that, duringthe training phase, generates training frames for transmission by thetransmitter of the respective PMA circuit based in part on back-channelinformation and training status information from the receiver of therespective PMA circuit, and the receiver of the first PMA circuit andthe receiver of the second PMA circuit each including a detector thatmonitors spectra of received signals for high-frequency contentindicative of training frames to detect an end of the auto-negotiationphase, the extender initiating a training phase when either of thedetectors detects the end of the auto-negotiation phase.
 10. An Ethernetlink extension method that comprises, in a first communications phasefor auto-negotiation: coupling a transmitter of a second PMA (physicalmedium attachment) circuit to a receiver of a first PMA circuit toretransmit communications received from a first node; and coupling atransmitter of the first PMA circuit to a receiver of the second PMAcircuit to retransmit communications received from a second node; and ina subsequent communications phase for training: generating, with arespective training controller for each of the first and second PMAcircuits, training frames for transmission by the transmitter of therespective PMA circuit based in part on back-channel information andtraining status information from the receiver of the respective PMAcircuit; and adapting a transmit filter in each of the transmitter ofthe first PMA circuit and the transmitter of the second PMA circuit inaccordance with back-channel information received from the first andsecond nodes, respectively, during the training phase.
 11. The method ofclaim 10, wherein said coupling of the transmitter of the second PMAcircuit to the receiver of the first PMA circuit during theauto-negotiation phase is via an on-chip analog signal line.
 12. Themethod of claim 10, wherein said coupling of the transmitter of thesecond PMA circuit to the receiver of the first PMA circuit during theauto-negotiation phase includes: digitizing communications received fromthe first node to obtain received signal samples; conveying the receivedsignal samples on a bus to the transmitter of the second PMA circuit;and converting the received signal samples into an analog electricaltransmit signal.
 13. The method of claim 10, further comprisinggenerating filter coefficient updates and detecting filter convergencewith a filter adaptation circuit in each of the receiver of the firstPMA circuit and the receiver of the second PMA circuit.
 14. The methodof claim 10, wherein each of the first PMA circuit and the second PMAcircuit include multiple transmitter-receiver pairs to support multiplecommunication lanes between the first and second nodes.
 15. An Ethernetlink extension method that comprises, in a first communications phasefor auto-negotiation: coupling a transmitter of a second PMA (physicalmedium attachment) circuit to a receiver of a first PMA circuit toretransmit communications received from a first node; and coupling atransmitter of the first PMA circuit to a receiver of the second PMAcircuit to retransmit communications received from a second node; and ina subsequent communications phase for training: generating filtercoefficient updates and detecting filter convergence with a filteradaptation circuit in each of the receiver of the first PMA circuit andthe receiver of the second PMA circuit; generating, with a respectivetraining controller for each of the first and second PMA circuits,training frames for transmission by the transmitter of the respectivePMA circuit providing back-channel information and training statusinformation from the receiver of the respective PMA circuit to the firstand second nodes; and confirming filter convergence only when filterconvergence is detected by both the receiver of the first PMA circuitand the receiver of the second PMA circuit.
 16. The method of claim 10,initiating the training phase when either, but before both, the receiverof the first PMA circuit and the receiver of the second PMA circuitdetects an end of the auto-negotiation phase.
 17. The method of claim16, further comprising decoding information from auto-negotiation framesto detect said end.
 18. An Ethernet link extension method thatcomprises, in a first communications phase for auto-negotiation:coupling a transmitter of a second PMA (physical medium attachment)circuit to a receiver of a first PMA circuit to retransmitcommunications received from a first node; coupling a transmitter of thefirst PMA circuit to a receiver of the second PMA circuit to retransmitcommunications received from a second node; and monitoring spectra ofreceived signals for high-frequency content to detect an end of theauto-negotiation phase; and in a subsequent communications phase fortraining, the communications phase for training being initiated wheneither the receiver of the first PMA circuit and the receiver of thesecond PMA circuit detects the end of the auto-negotiation phase:generating, with a respective training controller for each of the firstand second PMA circuits, training frames for transmission by thetransmitter of the respective PMA circuit based in part on back-channelinformation and training status information from the receiver of therespective PMA circuit.